Occupational justice? Analysis of Palestinian occupational therapy student access to the West Bank


There is a longstanding lack of access to educational programs for students from the Gaza strip. This issue is very controversial as it is steeped in the regional geopolitical quagmire of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some of the reasons for Israeli control of movement between the occupied territories seem legitimate - from their perspective, people under the age of 35 represent the greatest threat with regard to terrorism. Are the ten occupational therapy students currently in the news likely to have explosive belts under their clothing? I don't know - but this is a topic worthy of discussion - it is a real-life manifestation of the concept of 'occupational justice.'

Occupational justice may not be a term that is well known to all occupational therapists, particularly those in the United States. Wilcock first identified the term, stating that it was an extension of social justice and specifically relating to opportunities or lack of opportunities for normal human occupation. A good summary can be found in the Journal of Occupational Science's Occupational terminology interactive dialogue.

I was saddened at the human story involved, but glad to see a real issue at the very core of occupational justice that could be debated. Too often practitioners hear 'ivory tower' conversations about lofty ideas like 'occupational justice' but don't see where the proponents of these ideas have the opportunity to link theory to practice, or to address the 'real' side of the discussion.

I am not convinced that this debate can take place without addressing the fundamental issues underlying the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - but then I suppose this makes a good test for the concept.

I should start by revealing my own political bias - I am an American, living in a post-9/11 world. Although I dislike the concept of 'profiling' I can see its merits. I don’t think that most people like the idea of racial profiling, but there are some specific realities that we need to identify. It is difficult to justify ignoring the one fact that we know about a majority of the terrorism that occurs in the world against Western interests: most of the perpetrators of this terrorism have been young Middle Eastern Islamic men. Profiling in general tells us certain things about terrorists: Young Middle Eastern Islamic men were involved in most of the PFLP hijackings and the Olympics incident in Munich. Young Middle Eastern Islamic men hijacked the Achille Lauro and dumped Leon Klinghoffer into the ocean. A young Middle Eastern Islamic man masterminded the La Belle disco bombing in Germany. Young Middle Eastern Islamic men blew up a truck in the basement of the World Trade Center. Young Middle Eastern Islamic men blew up an airliner over Lockerbie, Scotland. Young Middle Eastern Islamic men blew up U.S. embassies in Africa. Young Middle Eastern Islamic men blew a hole in the side of the U.S.S. Cole in Yemen. Young Middle Eastern Islamic men hijacked four airliners, and flew them into the Trade Center and Pentagon. This is not an exhaustive list by any means.

The US Constitution is certainly not applicable worldwide, but it is my frame of reference. Terry vs. Ohio in 1968 indicated that 4th amendment rights were not violated when a person was stopped if a law enforcement official had reasonable suspicion that a crime might occur. Profiling only on race would certainly be debatable, but profiling based on a confluence of factors including identification, travel patterns, observed behavior, and other factors does not seem unreasonable to me. This way we wouldn’t miss people like Abdel Rahim (aka Richard Reid), Abdullah al-Muhajir (aka Jose Padilla), and Suleyman al-Faris (aka John Walker Lindh). So even if all the people are not of Middle Eastern descent, all of their associations were – and profiling could have possibly been helpful.

So I think our (US) society has a long record of tolerating profiling in various forms and to varying degrees at different times. In this sense, I understand the Israeli position.

Alternately, there are Palestinan realities that are impossible to ignore. The economy of the Palestinian territories is in shambles. Rising unemployment, multigenerational poverty, and continued restriction on access and travel and commerce in general continues to decimate the social and cultural base of the populace. An interesting United Nations report can be viewed here. It is evident that security, humanitarian, and political issues are inextricably woven together in a way that contributes to the destabilizing forces within the society. Additionally, this negative confluence of factors may be exactly what Israel and the United States wants. I can understand this too, and don't think that Hamas strategies should ever be supported, much less apologized for - despite the tremendous economic oppression that exists. However, on some level, as a moral society we need to address the humanitarian problems that exist.

I don't have answers to this issue. It seems that Palestinians could use some occupational therapists. A lack of productive occupation may certainly be contributing to some of the problems there. I would hope that anyone could support a humanitarian solution to the problem - particularly in the form of more trained health professionals. I believe that they should have access to the West Bank. Some kind of secure humanitarian solution must be possible.

Bethlehem University is listed as a WFOT recognized program. Interesting to note: occupational justice is not mentioned in any of their course descriptions. This is a challenge to the rest of the world occupational therapy community. Do we sit idly by and watch this? Or do we have something to say about it?


References:

Erlanger, S. (2006, February 14). U.S. and Israel are said to talk of Hamas ouster. The New York Times.

Izenberg, D. (2006, March 12). Obligations to Gaza at heart of latest High Court petition. The Jerusalem Post.

Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator (2002, October). The impact of closure and other mobility restrictions on Palestinian productive activities. Retrieved March 13, 2006 from http://www.un.org/News/dh/mideast/econ-report-final.pdf

Wikipedia (2006, February 14). Palestinian economy. Retrieved March 13, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_economy

Wilcock, A. (1998). An Occupational Perspective of Health, Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc.

Wilcock, A.A., & Townsend, E.A. (2000). Occupational terminology interactive dialogue: Occupational justice. Journal of Occupational Science, 7, 84-86.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

On retained primitive reflexes

Each year I receive several emails from colleagues about 'retained primitive reflexes.'  I am also seeing an increased number of reports from local 'health care' providers who are documenting these alleged problems so I thought I would write a summary of my opinion on this topic.   Predatory 'health care' providers including some OTs, PTs, chiropractors, and behavioral optometrists are creating a new 'market' for treating this alleged 'problem.'  Parents should be very wary of these practitioners and other professionals should challenge these practices whenever they are seen. The following is the kind of information that causes concern and was provided to me by a colleague as a sample from a student's IEP: The student continues to demonstrate the following retained primitive reflexes that at times interfere with his ability to demonstrate appropriate adaptive responses: Fear Paralysis Reflex, Moro Reflex, Palmer Reflex, Tonic Labyri
Read more

Deconstructing the myth of clothing sensitivity as a 'sensory processing disorder'

Please note first that there is no formally recognized clinical designation of  'sensory processing disorder.'   It is a term constructed by occupational therapists that has not been formally recognized by the larger medical community. In our clinic we receive many referrals from local pediatricians when parents have concerns about children being overly sensitive to their clothing.  Most often the children referred are from four to seven years old and the families are severely disrupted by the children's behaviors and responses to clothing issues.  Commonly, children will have severely constricted tolerance for certain outfits, want to wear the same clothes repeatedly, complain that clothing is itchy/scratch/bumpy/wiggly/ouchie, and this all leads to disruption of daily dressing routines.  There is no doubt that the behavioral concerns are very real. The pediatricians tend to be appropriately conservative and provide families with good behavioral management suggestions
Read more

A Critical Appraisal of Therapeutic Listening

Image
History: According to Frick (2002, p. 358), auditory training has been used in Europe since the mid-1900s to address sensory processing disorders and these techniques have been recently popularized in the United States. Frick has based her Therapeutic Listening program on the work of Dr. Alfred Tomatis and Dr. Guy Berard, both of whom are French physicians. Both the Tomatis and Berard programs are delivered by specific machines using earphones but these devices do not have FDA approval and have been banned in the United States (Barrett, 2003). Frick (2001) states “With the advent of new technology, similar altered music has become available on compact disc. The discs do not replace either the Tomatis Method or the Berard Method. The compact discs do provide a less intense way to access both the auditory and vestibular systems to impact neural function and integration and are easily available to clinicians in a variety of practice arenas.” The CDs referenced on Frick’s webpages are ass
Read more